the problem of integrating faith, art, and science. Religion and 
art are automatically excluded from a quantified, uniform, and 
homogenous system of thought:

     “One of the major distinctions that has to be made 
     between the work of the two periods relates to the place 
     occupied by faith and art in scientific inquiry. It was 
     hardly until the later period that they began to lose their 
     importance as the basis for scientific reasoning.”

     Today when science also has turned from the segmental 
to the configurational, or structural mode of observation, it is 
hard to discover the grounds of difficulty and confusion that 
invested these matters from the sixteenth to the nineteenth 
centuries. It was notably Claude Bernard’s approach to 
experimental medicine in the later nineteenth century that